| Irving Langmuir |
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| Nascimento |
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| Morte |
Woods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts |
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| Nacionalidade | Estadunidense |
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| Alma mater | Universidade Columbia, Universidade de Göttingen |
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| Prêmios | Medalha William H. Nichols (1915 e 1920), Medalha Hughes (1918), Medalha Perkin (1928), Nobel de Química (1932), Medalha Franklin (1934), Medalha Holley (1934), Medalha Faraday (1944), Prêmio John J. Carty (1950) |
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| Orientador(es)(as) | Friedrich Dolezalek[1] |
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| Campo(s) | Química, físico-química |
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Irving Langmuir [ˈlæŋmjʊr][2] (Brooklyn, 31 de janeiro de 1881 — Woods Hole, 16 de agosto de 1957) foi um físico-químico norte-americano. Sua publicação mais notável foi o famoso artigo de 1919 "O Acordo de elétrons nos átomos e moléculas", no qual, com base na teoria do átomo cúbico de Gilbert Newton Lewis e a teoria da ligação química de Walther Kossel, ele descreveu sua "teoria concêntrica da estrutura atômica".[3] Langmuir tornou-se envolvido em uma disputa de prioridade com Lewis sobre este trabalho; habilidades de apresentação de Langmuir foram o grande responsável pela popularização da teoria, embora o crédito para a própria teoria pertence principalmente a Lewis.[4] Enquanto na General Electric, de 1909-1950, Langmuir avançou vários campos básicos da física e da química, inventou a lâmpada incandescente preenchida a gás,[5] a técnica de soldagem de hidrogênio, e foi agraciado com o Prêmio Nobel de Química em 1932 por seu trabalho em química de superfície. O Laboratório de Langmuir para a Pesquisa Atmosférica perto Socorro, Novo México, foi nomeado em sua honra assim como a Sociedade Americana de Química, chamou o jornal de ciência de superfícies de Langmuir.
Vida e obra
Irving Langmuir nasceu no Brooklyn, Nova Iorque, em 31 de janeiro de 1881. Ele foi o terceiro dos quatro filhos de Charles Langmuir e Sadie, née Comings. Langmuir estudou na Universidade Columbia e Universidade de Göttingen.
Desde 1932 até a sua aposentadoria em 1950, foi diretor adjunto do laboratório de pesquisa da General Electric Company. Trabalhou no desenvolvimento de lâmpadas de tungstênio, em dispositivo de descarga de elétrons, em bombas de vácuo e em soldas de hidrogênio atômico. Introduziu pela primeira vez o termo plasma.
Langmuir desenvolveu com seu colega norte-americano Gilbert Lewis uma teoria de ligação química e valência baseada na estrutura atômica, atualmente conhecida como "teoria de Langmuir-Lewis". A pesquisa de Langmuir sobre a física das nuvens o levou à estimulação de chuva artificial.[5]
Por seu trabalho em películas monomoleculares e em química de superfícies recebeu o Nobel de Química de 1932.
Referências
- ↑ Dados básicos, publicações e genealogia acadêmica de Irving Langmuir em academictree.org, acessado em 7 de junho de 2018.
- ↑ "Langmuir, Irving", in Webster's Biographical Dictionary (1943), Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
- ↑ Langmuir, I. (1919). "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules", Journal of the American Chemical Society. Vol. 41, No. 6, 868.
- ↑ Patrick Coffey, Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2008: 134-146
- ↑ a b Simões Gamboa, A. L. «Irving Langmuir e a lâmpada mágica». Aetécnico, 5, 39-41 (2003)
Ligações externas
Medalha Hughes (1902 — 2020) |
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1902: Joseph John Thomson
1903: Johann Wilhelm Hittorf
1904: Joseph Wilson Swan
1905: Augusto Righi
1906: Hertha Marks Ayrton
1907: Ernest Howard Griffiths
1908: Eugen Goldstein
1909: Richard Glazebrook
1910: John Ambrose Fleming
1911: Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
1912: William Duddell
1913: Alexander Graham Bell
1914: John Sealy Townsend
1915: Paul Langevin
1916: Elihu Thomson
1917: Charles Glover Barkla
1918: Irving Langmuir
1919: Charles Chree
1920: Owen Willans Richardson
1921: Niels Bohr
1922: Francis William Aston
1923: Robert Andrews Millikan
1924: —
1925: Frank Edward Smith
1926: Henry Bradwardine Jackson
1927: William David Coolidge
1928: Maurice de Broglie
1929: Hans Geiger
1930: Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
1931: William Lawrence Bragg
1932: James Chadwick
1933: Edward Appleton
1934: Karl Siegbahn
1935: Clinton Davisson
1936: Walter Hermann Schottky
1937: Ernest Lawrence
1938: John Cockcroft e Ernest Walton
1939: George Paget Thomson
1940: Arthur Holly Compton
1941: Nevill Francis Mott
1942: Enrico Fermi
1943: Marcus Oliphant
1944: George Finch
1945: Basil Schonland
1946: John Randall
1947: Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1948: Robert Watson-Watt
1949: Cecil Powell
1950: Max Born
1951: Hendrik Anthony Kramers
1952: Philip Dee
1953: Edward Bullard
1954: Martin Ryle
1955: Harrie Massey
1956: Frederick Lindemann
1957: Joseph Proudman
1958: Edward Andrade
1959: Brian Pippard
1960: Joseph Pawsey
1961: Alan Cottrell
1962: Brebis Bleaney
1963: Frederic Calland Williams
1964: Abdus Salam
1965: Denys Wilkinson
1966: Nicholas Kemmer
1967: Kurt Mendelssohn
1968: Freeman Dyson
1969: Nicholas Kurti
1970: David Bates
1971: Robert Hanbury Brown
1972: Brian David Josephson
1973: Peter Hirsch
1974: Peter Fowler
1975: Richard Dalitz
1976: Stephen Hawking
1977: Antony Hewish
1978: William Cochran
1979: Robert Williams
1980: Francis Farley
1981: Peter Higgs, Tom Kibble
1982: Drummond Hoyle Matthews e Frederick Vine
1983: John Clive Ward
1984: Roy Kerr
1985: Tony Skyrme
1986: Michael Woolfson
1987: Michael Pepper
1988: Archibald Howie e Michael John Whelan
1989: John Stewart Bell
1990: Thomas George Cowling
1991: Philip Burton Moon
1992: Michael Seaton
1993: George Isaak
1994: Robert G. Chambers
1995: David Shoenberg
1996: Amyand Buckingham
1997: Andrew Lang
1998: Raymond Hide
1999: Alexander Boksenberg
2000: Chintamani Rao
2001: John Pethica
2002: Alexander Dalgarno
2003: Peter Edwards
2004: John Clarke
2005: Keith Moffatt
2006: Michael Kelly
2007: Artur Ekert
2008: Michele Dougherty
2010: Andre Geim
2011: Matthew Rosseinsky
2013: Henning Sirringhaus
2015: George Efstathiou
2017: Peter Bruce
2018: James Durrant
2019: Andrew Cooper
2020: Clare Grey
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Medalha Perkin |
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1906: William Perkin · 1908: John Brown Francis Herreshoff · 1909: Arno Behr · 1910: Edward Goodrich Acheson · 1911: Charles Martin Hall · 1912: Hermann Frasch · 1913: James Gayley · 1914: John Wesley Hyatt · 1915: Edward Weston · 1916: Leo Baekeland · 1917: Ernst Twitchell · 1918: Auguste Rossi · 1919: Frederick Gardner Cottrell · 1920: Charles Chandler · 1921: Willis Rodney Whitney · 1922: William Merriam Burton · 1923: Milton Whitaker · 1924: Frederick Becket · 1925: Hugh Moore · 1926: Richard Moore · 1927: John Teeple · 1928: Irving Langmuir · 1929: Eugene Sullivan · 1930: Herbert Henry Dow · 1931: Arthur Dehon Little · 1932: Charles Burgess · 1933: George Oenslager · 1934: Colin Fink · 1935: George Curme · 1936: Warren Lewis · 1937: Thomas Midgley · 1938: Frank Tone · 1939: Walter Landis · 1940: Charles Stine · 1941: John Dorr · 1942: Martin Ittner · 1943: Robert Wilson · 1944: Gaston Dubois · 1945: Elmer Keiser Bolton · 1946: Francis Frary · 1947: Robert Runnels Williams · 1948: Clarence Balke · 1949: Carl Miner · 1950: Eger Vaughan Murphree · 1951: Henry Howard · 1952: Robert M. Burns · 1953: Charles Allen Thomas · 1954: Roger Adams · 1955: Roger Williams · 1956: Edgar Britton · 1957: Glenn Theodore Seaborg · 1958: William Justin Kroll · 1959: Eugene Houdry · 1960: Karl August Folkers · 1961: Carl Prutton · 1962: Eugene Rochow · 1963: William Oliver Baker · 1964: William Sparks · 1965: Carl Shipp Marvel · 1966: Manson Benedict · 1967: Vladimir Haensel · 1968: Henry Hass · 1969: Robert Cairns · 1970: Milton Harris · 1971: James Franklin Hyde · 1972: Robert Burns MacMullin · 1973: Theodore Cairns · 1974: Edwin Land · 1975: Carl Djerassi · 1976: Lewis Hastings Sarett · 1977: Paul John Flory · 1978: Donald Othmer · 1979: James D. Idol · 1980: Herman Francis Mark · 1981: Ralph Landau · 1982: Herbert Charles Brown · 1983: Bruce Hannay · 1984: John Sinfelt · 1985: Paul Weisz · 1986: Peter Regna · 1987: John Paul Hogan e Robert Banks · 1988: James Roth · 1989: Frederick Karol · 1990: John Franz · 1991: Miguel Ondetti · 1992: Edith Marie Flanigen · 1993: Lubomyr Romankiw · 1994: Marinus Los · 1995: Delbert Meyer · 1996: Marion Francis · 1997: Stephanie Kwolek · 1998: David Bryant · 1999: Albert Carr · 2000: Norman Li · 2001: Elsa Reichmanis · 2002: Paul S. Anderson · 2003: William H. Joyce · 2004: Gordon Moore · 2005: Robert Gore · 2006: James Stevens · 2007: Herbert Boyer · 2008: Ian Shankland · 2009: Richard Bruce Silverman · 2010: Ronald Breslow · 2011: Rodney H. Banks · 2012: Robert Langer · 2013: Bruce Roth · 2014: John Warner · 2015: Cynthia A. Maryanoff · 2016: Peter Trefonas · 2017: Ann E. Weber · 2018 Barbara Haviland Minor · 2019 Chad Mirkin · 2020 Jane Frommer |
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- 1926: Svedberg
- 1927: Wieland
- 1928: Windaus
- 1929: Harden e Euler-Chelpin
- 1930: H.Fischer
- 1931: Bosch e Bergius
- 1932: Langmuir
- 1934: Urey
- 1935: F.Joliot e I.Joliot-Curie
- 1936: Debye
- 1937: Haworth e Karrer
- 1938: Kuhn
- 1939: Butenandt e Ružička
- 1943: Hevesy
- 1944: Hahn
- 1945: Virtanen
- 1946: Sumner, Northrop e Stanley
- 1947: Robinson
- 1948: Tiselius
- 1949: Giauque
- 1950: Diels e Alder
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- Lista Completa
- Laureados (1901—1925)
- Laureados (1951—1975)
- Laureados (1976—2000)
- Laureados (2001—2024)
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Medalha Franklin (1915–1997) |
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- 1915: Thomas Edison, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
- 1916: John Joseph Carty, Theodore William Richards
- 1917: Hendrik Lorentz, David Watson Taylor
- 1918: Guglielmo Marconi, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
- 1919: James Dewar, George Owen Squier
- 1920: Svante Arrhenius, Charles Algernon Parsons
- 1921: Charles Fabry, Frank Julian Sprague
- 1922: Ralph Modjeski, Joseph John Thomson
- 1923: Gustave-Auguste Ferrié, Albert Abraham Michelson
- 1924: Ernest Rutherford, Edward Weston
- 1925: Elihu Thomson, Pieter Zeeman
- 1926: Niels Bohr, Samuel Rea
- 1927: George Ellery Hale, Max Planck
- 1928: Charles Francis Brush, Walther Nernst
- 1929: Emil Berliner, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
- 1930: William Henry Bragg, John Frank Stevens
- 1931: James Hopwood Jeans, Willis Rodney Whitney
- 1932: Philipp Lenard, Ambrose Swasey
- 1933: Paul Sabatier, Irmãos Wright
- 1934: Irving Langmuir, Henry Norris Russell
- 1935: Albert Einstein, John Ambrose Fleming
- 1936: Frank Baldwin Jewett, Charles Kettering
- 1937: Peter Debye, Robert Andrews Millikan
- 1938: William Frederick Durand, Charles August Kraus
- 1939: Edwin Powell Hubble, Albert Sauveur
- 1940: Leo Baekeland, Arthur Holly Compton
- 1941: Edwin Armstrong, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
- 1942: Jerome Clarke Hunsaker, Paul Dyer Merica
- 1943: George Washington Pierce, Harold Clayton Urey
- 1944: William David Coolidge, Pyotr Kapitsa
- 1945: Harlow Shapley
- 1946: Henry Clapp Sherman, Henry Tizard
- 1947: Enrico Fermi, Robert Robinson
- 1948: Wendell Meredith Stanley, Theodore von Kármán
- 1949: Theodor Svedberg
- 1950: Eugene Paul Wigner
- 1951: James Chadwick
- 1952: Wolfgang Pauli
- 1953: William Francis Gibbs
- 1954: Charles Edward Kenneth Mees
- 1955: Arne Tiselius
- 1956: Frank Whittle
- 1957: Hugh Stott Taylor
- 1958: Donald Wills Douglas
- 1959: Hans Bethe
- 1960: Roger Adams
- 1961: Detlev Bronk
- 1962: Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
- 1963: Glenn Theodore Seaborg
- 1964: Gregory Breit
- 1965: Frederick Seitz
- 1966: Britton Chance
- 1967: Murray Gell-Mann
- 1968: Marshall Nirenberg
- 1969: John Archibald Wheeler
- 1970: Wolfgang Panofsky
- 1971: Hannes Alfvén
- 1972: George Kistiakowsky
- 1973: Theodosius Dobzhansky
- 1974: Nikolai Bogoliubov
- 1975: John Bardeen
- 1976: Mahlon Hoagland
- 1977: Cyril Manton Harris
- 1978: Elias James Corey
- 1979: George Evelyn Hutchinson
- 1980: Avram Goldstein, Lyman Spitzer
- 1981: Stephen Hawking
- 1982: César Milstein, Kenneth Wilson
- 1984: Verner Suomi
- 1985: George Claude Pimentel
- 1986: Benoît Mandelbrot
- 1987: Stanley Cohen
- 1988: Donald Knuth
- 1990: Hugh Huxley, David Turnbull
- 1992: Frederick Reines
- 1995: Gerardus 't Hooft
- 1996: Richard Smalley
- 1997: Mario Capecchi
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Medalha Faraday |
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1922: Oliver Heaviside ·
1923: Charles Algernon Parsons ·
1924: Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti ·
1925: Joseph John Thomson ·
1926: Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton ·
1927: Elihu Thomson ·
1928: John Ambrose Fleming ·
1929: Guido Semenza ·
1930: Ernest Rutherford ·
1931: Charles Hesterman Merz ·
1932: Oliver Lodge ·
1934: Frank Edward Smith ·
1935: Frank Baldwin Jewett ·
1936: William Henry Bragg ·
1937: André Blondel ·
1938: John Snell ·
1939: William David Coolidge ·
1940: Alexander Russell ·
1941: Arthur Percy Morris Fleming ·
1942: Pyotr Kapitsa ·
1943: Archibald Page ·
1944: Irving Langmuir ·
1945: Clifford Paterson ·
1946: Edward Appleton ·
1947: Leonard Pearce ·
1948: Marcus Oliphant ·
1949: Charles Samuel Franklin ·
1950: James Chadwick ·
1951: Thomas Eckersley ·
1952: Ernest Lawrence ·
1953: A. Stanley Angwin ·
1954: Isaac Shoenberg ·
1955: John Cockcroft ·
1956: G. W. O. Howe ·
1957: Waldemar Borgquist ·
1958: Gordon Radley ·
1959: Luigi Emmannueli ·
1960: George Paget Thomson ·
1961: Julius Adams Stratton ·
1962: Basil Schonland ·
1963: P. M. J. Ailleret ·
1964: Joseph Ronald Mortlock ·
1965: Vladimir Zworykin ·
1966: John Ashworth Ratcliffe ·
1967: Harold Barlow ·
1968: Leslie Herbert Bedford ·
1969: Phillip Sporn ·
1970: Charles William Oatley ·
1971: Martin Ryle ·
1972: Frederic Calland Williams ·
1973: Nevill Francis Mott ·
1974: G. Millington ·
1975: John Millar Meek ·
1976: Thomas O. Paine ·
1977: John Adams ·
1978: E. Friedlander ·
1979: Robert Noyce ·
1980: Eric Ash ·
1981: Maurice Vincent Wilkes ·
1982: Brian David Josephson ·
1983: W. A. Gambling ·
1984: Alexander Lamb Cullen ·
1985: C. A. R. Hoare ·
1986: E. D. R. Shearman ·
1987: David Davies ·
1988: Cyril Hilsum ·
1989: Charles Kao ·
1990: Peter Lawrenson ·
1991: Alan Rudge ·
1992: L. Solymar ·
1993: Alexander MacFarlane ·
1994: John Parnaby ·
1995: John David Rhodes ·
1996: S. C. Miller ·
1997: John Midwinter ·
1998: Roger Needham ·
1999: P. A. McKeown ·
2000: Michael Brady ·
2001: Chris Harris ·
2002: Robin Saxby ·
2003: Richard Friend ·
2004: Peter Grant ·
2005: Azim Premji ·
2006: John McCanny ·
2007: Steve Furber ·
2008: Josef Kittler ·
2009: Martin Sweeting ·
2010: Donal Bradley ·
2011: Donald Knuth ·
2012: Leonardo Chiariglione ·
2013: Michael Pepper ·
2014: Chris Toumazou ·
2015: Kees Schouhamer Immink ·
2016: Andy Harter ·
2017: Bjarne Stroustrup ·
2018: não concedida ·
2019: Peter Knight ·
2020: Bashir Al-Hashimi ·
2021: John E E Fleming ·
2023: Arogyaswami Paulraj
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