César Milstein (Bahía Blanca, 8 de outubro de 1927 — Cambridge, 24 de março de 2002) foi um bioquímico argentino e nacionalizado britânico. Formou-se em medicina na Universidade de Buenos Aires e doutorou-se em bioquímica em Cambridge. É considerado um dos pais da imunologia moderna.[1]
Foi agraciado com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina de 1984, junto com Georges J. F. Köhler por suas pesquisas sobre anticorpos monoclonais. Desenvolveram uma forma de criar novos anticorpos a partir de linfócitos B híbridos, o hibridoma, usado para profilaxia, diagnóstico e terapia de diversas doenças. Invenção especialmente útil diferenciando tumores.[2]
Referências
- ↑ Springer, Timothy A (June 2002). "César Milstein, the father of modern immunology". Nature Immunology 3 (6): 501–3. doi:10.1038/ni0602-501. PMID 12032559.
- ↑ Milstein, C (1999). "The hybridoma revolution: an offshoot of basic research.". BioEssays 21 (11): 966–73. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199911)21:11<966::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z.
Ligações externas
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1978: George Davis Snell, Jean Dausset, Jon van Rood · 1979: Roger Sperry, Arvid Carlsson, Oleh Hornykiewicz · 1980: César Milstein, Leo Sachs, James Learmonth Gowans · 1981: Barbara McClintock, Stanley Norman Cohen · 1982: Jean-Pierre Changeux, Solomon Halbert Snyder, James Black · 1984/5: Donald Frederick Steiner · 1986: Osamu Hayaishi · 1987: Pedro Cuatrecasas, Meir Wilchek · 1988: Henri-Géry Hers, Elizabeth Neufeld · 1989: John Gurdon, Edward Lewis · 1990: Maclyn McCarty · 1991: Seymour Benzer · 1992: Judah Folkman · 1994/5: Michael Berridge, Yasutomi Nishizuka · 1995/6: Stanley Prusiner · 1996/7: Mary Frances Lyon · 1998: Michael Sela, Ruth Arnon · 1999: Eric Kandel · 2001: Avram Hershko, Alexander Varshavsky · 2002/3: Ralph Lawrence Brinster, Mario Capecchi, Oliver Smithies · 2004: Robert Allan Weinberg, Roger Tsien · 2005: Anthony Rex Hunter, Anthony Pawson, Alexander Levitzki · 2008: Howard Cedar, Aharon Razin · 2010: Axel Ullrich · 2011: Shinya Yamanaka, Rudolf Jaenisch · 2012: Ronald Mark Evans · 2014: Nahum Sonenberg, Gary Ruvkun, Victor Ambros · 2015: John Kappler, Philippa Marrack, Jeffrey Ravetch · 2016: Carl Ronald Kahn, Lewis Cantley · 2017: James Patrick Allison · 2019: Jeffrey Michael Friedman · 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer Doudna · 2021: Joan A. Steitz, Lynne Elizabeth Maquat, Adrian Robert Krainer
Prêmio Wolf de Agronomia • Prêmio Wolf de Artes • Prêmio Wolf de Física • Prêmio Wolf de Matemática • Prêmio Wolf de Química |
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- 1915: Thomas Edison, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
- 1916: John Joseph Carty, Theodore William Richards
- 1917: Hendrik Lorentz, David Watson Taylor
- 1918: Guglielmo Marconi, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
- 1919: James Dewar, George Owen Squier
- 1920: Svante Arrhenius, Charles Algernon Parsons
- 1921: Charles Fabry, Frank Julian Sprague
- 1922: Ralph Modjeski, Joseph John Thomson
- 1923: Gustave-Auguste Ferrié, Albert Abraham Michelson
- 1924: Ernest Rutherford, Edward Weston
- 1925: Elihu Thomson, Pieter Zeeman
- 1926: Niels Bohr, Samuel Rea
- 1927: George Ellery Hale, Max Planck
- 1928: Charles Francis Brush, Walther Nernst
- 1929: Emil Berliner, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
- 1930: William Henry Bragg, John Frank Stevens
- 1931: James Hopwood Jeans, Willis Rodney Whitney
- 1932: Philipp Lenard, Ambrose Swasey
- 1933: Paul Sabatier, Irmãos Wright
- 1934: Irving Langmuir, Henry Norris Russell
- 1935: Albert Einstein, John Ambrose Fleming
- 1936: Frank Baldwin Jewett, Charles Kettering
- 1937: Peter Debye, Robert Andrews Millikan
- 1938: William Frederick Durand, Charles August Kraus
- 1939: Edwin Powell Hubble, Albert Sauveur
- 1940: Leo Baekeland, Arthur Holly Compton
- 1941: Edwin Armstrong, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
- 1942: Jerome Clarke Hunsaker, Paul Dyer Merica
- 1943: George Washington Pierce, Harold Clayton Urey
- 1944: William David Coolidge, Pyotr Kapitsa
- 1945: Harlow Shapley
- 1946: Henry Clapp Sherman, Henry Tizard
- 1947: Enrico Fermi, Robert Robinson
- 1948: Wendell Meredith Stanley, Theodore von Kármán
- 1949: Theodor Svedberg
- 1950: Eugene Paul Wigner
- 1951: James Chadwick
- 1952: Wolfgang Pauli
- 1953: William Francis Gibbs
- 1954: Charles Edward Kenneth Mees
- 1955: Arne Tiselius
- 1956: Frank Whittle
- 1957: Hugh Stott Taylor
- 1958: Donald Wills Douglas
- 1959: Hans Bethe
- 1960: Roger Adams
- 1961: Detlev Bronk
- 1962: Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
- 1963: Glenn Theodore Seaborg
- 1964: Gregory Breit
- 1965: Frederick Seitz
- 1966: Britton Chance
- 1967: Murray Gell-Mann
- 1968: Marshall Nirenberg
- 1969: John Archibald Wheeler
- 1970: Wolfgang Panofsky
- 1971: Hannes Alfvén
- 1972: George Kistiakowsky
- 1973: Theodosius Dobzhansky
- 1974: Nikolai Bogoliubov
- 1975: John Bardeen
- 1976: Mahlon Hoagland
- 1977: Cyril Manton Harris
- 1978: Elias James Corey
- 1979: George Evelyn Hutchinson
- 1980: Avram Goldstein, Lyman Spitzer
- 1981: Stephen Hawking
- 1982: César Milstein, Kenneth Wilson
- 1984: Verner Suomi
- 1985: George Claude Pimentel
- 1986: Benoît Mandelbrot
- 1987: Stanley Cohen
- 1988: Donald Knuth
- 1990: Hugh Huxley, David Turnbull
- 1992: Frederick Reines
- 1995: Gerardus 't Hooft
- 1996: Richard Smalley
- 1997: Mario Capecchi
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1951: Howard Florey e Ian Heilbron • 1952: Frederic Bartlett e Christopher Kelk Ingold • 1953: Paul Fildes e Nevill Francis Mott • 1954: Hans Krebs e John Cockcroft • 1955: Vincent Wigglesworth e Alexander Todd • 1956: Owen Thomas Jones e Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin • 1957: Frederick Gugenheim Gregory e William Vallance Douglas Hodge • 1958: Alan Hodgkin e Harrie Massey • 1959: Peter Brian Medawar e Rudolf Peierls • 1960: Roy Cameron e Bernard Lovell • 1961: Wilfrid Le Gros Clark e Cecil Frank Powell • 1962: John Eccles e Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar • 1963: Herbert Harold Read e Robert Hill • 1964: Francis Brambell e Michael James Lighthill • 1965: Henry Charles Husband, John Kendrew e Raymond Lyttleton • 1966: Christopher Cockerell, Frank Yates e John Ashworth Ratcliffe • 1967: Joseph Hutchinson, John Zachary Young e Cecil Edgar Tilley • 1968: Gilbert Roberts, Walter Thomas James Morgan e Michael Atiyah • 1969: Charles William Oatley, Frederick Sanger e George Deacon • 1970: John Fleetwood Baker, William Albert Hugh Rushton e Kingsley Charles Dunham • 1971: Percy Edward Kent, Max Perutz e Gerhard Herzberg • 1972: Wilfrid Bennett Lewis, Francis Crick e Derek Barton • 1973: Edward Abraham, Rodney Porter e Martin Ryle • 1974: Sydney Brenner, George Edwards e Fred Hoyle • 1975: Barnes Wallis, David Chilton Phillips e Edward Bullard • 1976: Alan Walsh, James Learmonth Gowans e John Cornforth • 1977: John Adams, Hugh Huxley e Peter Hirsch • 1978: Tom Kilburn, Roderic Alfred Gregory e Abdus Salam • 1979: Vernon Ellis Cosslett, Hans Walter Kosterlitz e Frederick Charles Frank • 1980: John Paul Wild, Henry Harris e Denys Wilkinson • 1981: Ralph Riley, Marthe Louise Vogt e Geoffrey Wilkinson • 1982: César Milstein, William Hawthorne e Richard Dalitz • 1983: Daniel Joseph Bradley, Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg e John Kingman • 1984: Alexander Lamb Cullen, Mary Frances Lyon e Alan Battersby • 1985: John Argyris, John Gurdon e Roger Penrose • 1986: Eric Ash, Richard Doll e Rex Richards • 1987: Gustav Victor Rudolf Born, Eric James Denton e Francis Graham-Smith • 1988: Harold Barlow, Winifred Watkins e George Batchelor • 1989: John Vane, David Weatherall e John Charles Polanyi • 1990: Olgierd Zienkiewicz, Anne McLaren e Michael Berry • 1991: Basil John Mason, Michael Berridge e Dan Peter McKenzie • 1992: David Tabor, Michael Anthony Epstein e Simon Donaldson • 1993: Rodney Hill, Horace Barlow e Volker Heine • 1994: Salvador Moncada, Eric Mansfield e Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar • 1995: Donald Metcalf, Paul Nurse e Robert Williams • 1996: Robert Hinde, Jack Heslop-Harrison e Andrew Wiles • 1997: Geoffrey Eglinton, John Maynard Smith e Donald Hill Perkins • 1998: Edwin Southern, Ricardo Miledi e Donald Charlton Bradley • 1999: John Frank Davidson, Patrick David Wall e Archibald Howie • 2000: Tim Berners-Lee, Geoffrey Burnstock e Keith Usherwood Ingold |
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1951–2000 |
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1951: Max Theiler
1952: Selman Waksman
1953: Hans Krebs e Fritz Lipmann
1954: John Enders, Thomas Weller e Frederick Robbins
1955: Hugo Theorell
1956: André Cournand, Werner Forßmann e Dickinson Richards
1957: Daniel Bovet
1958: George Beadle, Edward Tatum e Joshua Lederberg
1959: Severo Ochoa e Arthur Kornberg
1960: Frank Burnet e Peter Brian Medawar
1961: Georg von Békésy
1962: Francis Crick, James Watson e Maurice Wilkins
1963: John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin e Andrew Huxley
1964: Konrad Bloch e Feodor Lynen
1965: François Jacob, André Lwoff e Jacques Monod
1966: Francis Rous e Charles Huggins
1967: Ragnar Granit, Haldan Hartline e George Wald
1968: Robert Holley, Har Khorana e Marshall Nirenberg
1969: Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey e Salvador Luria
1970: Bernard Katz, Ulf Svante von Euler e Julius Axelrod
1971: Earl Sutherland Jr.
1972: Gerald Edelman e Rodney Porter
1973: Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz e Nikolaas Tinbergen
1974: Albert Claude, Christian de Duve e George Palade
1975: David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco e Howard Temin
1976: Baruch Blumberg e Daniel Gajdusek
1977: Roger Guillemin, Andrzej Schally e Rosalyn Yalow
1978: Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans e Hamilton Smith
1979: Allan Cormack e Godfrey Hounsfield
1980: Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset e George Snell
1981: Roger Sperry, David Hubel e Torsten Wiesel
1982: Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson e John Vane
1983: Barbara McClintock
1984: Niels Jerne, Georges Köhler e César Milstein
1985: Michael Stuart Brown e Joseph Goldstein
1986: Stanley Cohen e Rita Levi-Montalcini
1987: Susumu Tonegawa
1988: James Black, Gertrude Elion e George Hitchings
1989: John Michael Bishop e Harold Varmus
1990: Joseph Murray e Edward Donnall Thomas
1991: Erwin Neher e Bert Sakmann
1992: Edmond Fischer e Edwin Krebs
1993: Richard Roberts e Phillip Sharp
1994: Alfred Gilman e Martin Rodbell
1995: Edward Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard e Eric Wieschaus
1996: Peter Doherty e Rolf Zinkernagel
1997: Stanley Prusiner
1998: Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro e Ferid Murad
1999: Günter Blobel
2000: Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard e Eric Kandel
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2001–2025 |
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2001: Leland Hartwell, Richard Timothy Hunt e Paul Nurse
2002: Sydney Brenner, Robert Horvitz e John Sulston
2003: Paul Lauterbur e Peter Mansfield
2004: Richard Axel e Linda Buck
2005: Barry Marshall e Robin Warren
2006: Andrew Fire e Craig Mello
2007: Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans e Oliver Smithies
2008: Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi e Luc Montagnier
2009: Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider e Jack Szostak
2010: Robert Geoffrey Edwards
2011: Bruce Beutler, Jules Hoffmann e Ralph Steinman
2012: John Gurdon e Shinya Yamanaka
2013: James Rothman, Randy Schekman e Thomas Südhof
2014: John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser e Edvard Moser
2015: William Cecil Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura e Tu Youyou
2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi
2017: Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash e Michael W. Young
2018: James Patrick Allison e Tasuku Honjo
2019: William Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe e Gregg L. Semenza
2020: Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton e Charles M. Rice
2021: David Julius e Ardem Patapoutian
2022: Svante Pääbo
2023: Katalin Karikó e Drew Weissman
2024: Victor Ambros e Gary Ruvkun
2025: Fred Ramsdell, Mary E. Brunkow e Shimon Sakaguchi
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