Medalha Elliott Cresson

Medalha Elliott Cresson
Medalha Elliott Cresson concedida a Emil Berliner em 1913
PaísEstados Unidos
Primeira cerimónia1875
Última cerimónia1997
ApresentaçãoInstituto Franklin

A Medalha Elliott Cresson, também conhecida como Medalha de Ouro Elliott Cresson, foi a maior condecoração concedida pelo Instituto Franklin.

Lista de vencedores

Ano Agraciado Categoria Justificativa
1875
 Bonwill, William Gibson ArlingtonWilliam Gibson Arlington Bonwill[1] Biologia Electro Magnetic Dental Mallet
1875
 Fiss, Banes, Erben & Co.[1] Engenharia Worsted Yarns
1875
 Powers & Weightman[1] Engenharia Drug Manufacturing
1875
 W.P. Tatham[1] Inventor Printing press
1875
 Benjamin Chew Tilghman[1] Engenharia Jateamento abrasivo
1875
 Joseph Zentmayer[1] Engenharia Microscopes and Objectives
1877
 John Charlton[1] Engenharia Shaft Coupling
1877
 P. H. Dudley[1] Engenharia Dynomagraph
1878
 Henry Bower[1] Química Inodorous Glycerin
1878
 Cyrus Chambers, Jr.[1] Engenharia Bolt and rivet clipper
1878
 Williams Farr Goodwin[1] Engenharia Competitive test of mowing machines
1879
 Norbert Delandtsheer[1] Inventor Machine for Testing Flax
1880
 L. H. Spellier[1] Inventor Time Telegraph
1881
 William Woodnut Griscom[1] Engenharia Electric Induction Motor and Battery
1885
 Cyprien Chabot[1] Engenharia Shoe Sewing Machine
1885
 Frederick Siemens[1] Engenharia Regenerative Gas Burner
1886
 Patrick Bernard Delany[2] Engenharia Synchronous Telegraphy
1886
 Thaddeus S. C. Lowe[2] Engenharia Water Gas Process and Apparatus
1886
 Ott & Brewer[2] Engenharia China and Porcelain Wares
1886
 Pratt & Whitney Co.[2] Engenharia System of Interchangeable Cut Gears
1886
 R. H. Ramsay[1] Engenharia Railway Car Transfer Apparatus
1886
 Liberty Walkup[2] Inventor Airbrush
1887
 Charles F. Albert[2] Engenharia Violins and Bows
1887
 Hugo Bilgram[2] Engenharia Bevel Gear Cutter
1887
 Alfred H. Cowles[2] Engenharia Electric Smelting Furnace
1887
 Eugene H. Cowles[2] Engenharia Electric Smelting Furnace
1887
 Thomas Shaw[2] Engenharia Testing for Mine Gases and system of Mine Signaling
1889
 Edward Alfred Cowper[2] Inventor Writing Telegraph
1889
 Ottmar Mergenthaler[2] Engenharia Linotipo
1889
 T. Hart Robertson[2] Inventor Writing Telegraph
1889
 George Frederick Simonds[2] Engenharia Universal Rolling Machine
1890
 J. B. Hammond[2] Engenharia Typewriter Improvements
1890
 Herman Hollerith[2] Computer and Cognitive Science Electric Tabulating Device
1890
 Mayer Hayes & Co.[2] Engenharia Manufacture of files
1891
 Stockton Bates[3] Engenharia Spindle Support
1891
 James H. Bevington[3] Engenharia Welding Metal and Spinning and Shaping Tube
1891
 Bradley Allen Fiske[3] Engenharia Rangefinder
1891
 Tinius Olsen[2] Engenharia Testing Machine
1891
 Edwin F. Shaw[3] Engenharia Spindle Support
1891
 Samuel M. Vauclain[3] Engenharia Compound Locomotive
1891
 George M. Von Culin[3] Engenharia Spindle Support
1892
 Philip H. Holmes[3] Engenharia Composition for Journal Bearings
1892
 Henry M. Howe[3] Engenharia Metallurgy of Steel
1893
 Clifford H. Batchellor[3] Engenharia Compound Locomotive
1893
 Frederic Eugene Ives[3] Engenharia Color photography
1893
 George E. Marks[3] Biologia Improvements in Artificial Limbs
1893
 Paul von Jankó[3] Engenharia Jankó piano keyboard
1894
 Nikola Tesla[3] Engenharia Alternating Electric Currents of High Frequency
1895
 Henry M. Howe[3] Engenharia Experimental Researches on Steel
1895
 James Peckover[3] Inventor Stone Sawing Machine
1895
 Lester Allan Pelton[3] Engenharia Water Wheel
1896
 Patrick Bernard Delany[3] Engenharia Telegraphy, High speed system
1896
 Tolbert Lanston[3] Inventor Monotype Machine
1897
 Hamilton Castner[4] Engenharia Process of electrolytic decomposing of alkaline chlorides
1897
 Elisha Gray[4] Engenharia Telautograph
1897
 Charles Francis Jenkins[4] Inventor Phantoscope projector
1897
 Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen[4] Física Discovery of X-rays
1897
 Joseph Wilckes[4] Inventor Econometer
1898
 Wilbur Olin Atwater[4] Engenharia Respiration Calorimeter
1898
 Thomas Corscaden[4] Engenharia All-Wrought Steel Belt Pulley
1898
 Clemens Hirschel[4] Inventor Venturi Meter
1898
 Henri Moissan[4] Engenharia Investigations with his electric furnace
1898
 Edward Bennett Rosa[4] Engenharia Respiration Calorimeter
1900
 American Cotton Company[4] Engenharia Round Lap Bale System
1900
 Louis Edward Levy[4] Engenharia Method and apparatus for acid blast etching of metal plates
1900
 Pencoyd Iron Works[4] Engenharia Bridge construction
1900
 Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos[4] Earth Science Exhibit of the USGS
1900
 Carl Auer von Welsbach[4] Química Discoveries regarding metallic oxides
1901
 Rudolf Diesel[5] Engenharia Motor a diesel
1901
 John S. Forbes[4] Química Process of automatically heating and sterilizing fluids
1901
 L. M. Haupt[5] Engenharia Reaction Breakwater
1901
 Mason & Hamlin Company[4] Engenharia Liszt Pipe Organ
1901
 A. G. Waterhouse[4] Engenharia Process of automatically heating and sterilizing fluids
1902
 C. E. Acker[5] Engenharia Manufacturing Caustic Alkali and Halogen Gas
1902
 Frederick Taylor[5] Engenharia Process of Treating Tool Steel
1902
 Maunsel White[5] Engenharia Process of Treating Tool Steel
1903
 G. H. Clam[5] Engenharia Method of eliminating metals from mixtures of metals
1903
 J. L. Ferrell[5] Engenharia Process of fire proofing wood
1903
 Wilson Lindsley Gill[5] Engenharia; Computer and Cognitive Science School City Educational Plan
1903
 Victor Moritz Goldschmidt[5] Engenharia Theory of Musical Harmony
1903
 Frank Julian Sprague[5] Engenharia System of Electric Traction
1904
 James Mapes Dodge[5] Engenharia System of Storing Coal
1904
 Wilson Lindsley Gill[5] Engenharia; Computer and Cognitive Science School City
1904
 Hans Goldschmidt[5] Física Alumino-Thermics
1904
 L. E. Levy[5] Engenharia Machine for preparation of plates for etching
1904
 L. D. Lovekin[5] Engenharia Expanding and Flanging Machinery for Tubes
1904
 A. E. Outerbridge, Jr.[5] Engenharia Molecular Structure of Cast Iron
1904
 J. C. Parker[5] Engenharia Steam Generator
1905
 Gray National Telautograph Company[6] Engenharia Telautograph
1905
 M. I. Pupin[5] Física Reducing Attenuation of Electrical Waves
1906
 American Paper Bottle Company[6] Engenharia Paper Milk Bottles
1906
 William J. Hammer[6] (unspecified) Historic Collection of Incandescent Electric Lamps
1907
 Baldwin Locomotive Works[6] Engenharia Contributions to Evolution of American Locomotive
1907
 J. L. Borsch[6] Física A new Bi-Focal Lens
1907
 J. Allen Heany[6] Engenharia Fireproof Insulated Wire
1907
 F. Philips[6] Engenharia Pressed Steel Pulley for Power Transmission
1907
 Edward R. Taylor[6] Química Electric Furnace Manufacture of Carbon bisulfide
1908
 Romeyn Beck Hough[6] Engenharia Uses of American Woods
1908
 Anatole Mallet[6] Engenharia Improved Articulated Compound Locomotive
1909
 Marie Curie[7] Química The discovery of radium
1909
 Pierre Curie[6] Química The discovery of radium
1909
 Wolfgang Gaede[6] Engenharia Molecular Air Pump
1909
 James Gayley[6] Engenharia Dry air blast in blast furnace operation
1909
 Auguste and Louis Lumière[6] Engenharia Color photography
1909
 George Owen Squier[6] Engenharia Multiplex Telephony
1909
 Benjamin Talbot[7] Engenharia Open Hearth Steel Process
1909
 W. V. Turner[6] Engenharia Air Brake Design and Application
1909
 Underwood Typewriter Co.[6] Engenharia Underwood Typewriter
1909
 Alexis Vernasz[7] Engenharia Milling files
1909
 H. A. Wise Wood[6] Engenharia The Autoplate Machine
1910
 Automatic Electric Company[7] Engenharia Automatic System of Telephony
1910
 John Brashear[7] Física Distinguished work in astronomical instruments
1910
 Peter Cooper Hewitt[7] Inventor Mercury rectifier
1910
 John Fritz[7] Engenharia Distinguished work in iron and steel industries
1910
 Robert Abbott Hadfield[7] Engenharia Distinguished work in metallurgical sciences
1910
 Ernest Rutherford[7] Engenharia Distinguished work in electrical theory
1910
 Joseph John Thomson[7] Física For distinguished work in physical sciences
1910
 Edward Weston[7] Engenharia Distinguished work in electrical discovery
1910
 Harvey W. Wiley[7] Biologia Distinguished work in agricultural chemistry
1912
 Alexander Graham Bell[7] Engenharia Electrical Transmission of Articulate Speech
1912
 William Crookes[7] Química Descobertas em química
1912
 Alfred Noble[7] Engenharia Distinguished work in civil engineering
1912
 Edward Williams Morley[8] Química Determinação de magnitude squímicas fundamentais
1912
 Albert A. Michelson[7] Física Investigations in physical optics
1912
 Henry Enfield Roscoe[7] Química Pesquisas fundamentais em química
1912
 Samuel Wesley Stratton[8] Engenharia Distinguished work in metrology
1912
 Elihu Thomson[7] Engenharia Industrial applications of electricity
1912
 Adolf von Baeyer[7] Química Extended research in organic chemistry
1913
 Emil Berliner[8] Engenharia Contributions to telephony and science of sound reproduction
1913
 Emile Fischer[8] Biologia Organic and biological chemistry
1913
 William Ramsay[8] Química Descobertas em química
1913
 Isham Randolph[8] Engenharia Distinguished work in civil engineering
1913
 John William Strutt[8] Física Pesquisas em ciências físicas
1913
 Albert Sauveur[8] Engenharia Metalografia do ferro e aço
1913
 Charles Proteus Steinmetz[8] Engenharia Métodos analíticos em engenharia elétrica
1914
 J. M. von Eder[8] Química Original Researches in Photo-Chemistry
1914
 Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde[8] Engenharia Liquefaction of gases and refrigeration
1914
 Edgar Fahs Smith[8] Química Leading work in electro-chemistry
1914
 Orville Wright[8] Engenharia The art and science of aviation
1915
 Michael Joseph Owens[8] Engenharia Automatic Bottle Blowing Machine
1916
 American Telephone & Telegraph[8] Engenharia Development of the Art of telephony
1916
 Byron E. Eldred[8] Engenharia Low Expansion Wire for Incandescent Lamps
1916
 Robert Gans[8] Engenharia Permutit water softening process
1917
 Edwin Fitch Northrup[9] Engenharia Investigation of Electric Furnaces and High Temperature
1918
 Isaac Newton Lewis[9] Engenharia Metralhadora Lewis
1920
 William Le Roy Emmet[9] Engenharia Electrical Propulsion of Ships
1923
 Lee De Forest[9] Engenharia Audion
1923
 Raymond D. Johnson[9] Engenharia Hydraulic Valve
1923
 Albert Kingsbury[9] Engenharia Thrust bearing
1925
 Francis Hodgkinson[9] Engenharia Turbo-Electric Appliances
1926
 George Ellery Hale[9] Física Pesquisas astronômicas do sol, atmosfera solar e física solar
1926
 Charles S. Hastings[9] Engenharia Design of Optical Systems
1927
 Dayton Miller[9] Física Researches in Sound
1927
 Edward Leamington Nichols[9] Física Investigations in the Physical Sciences
1928
 Gustaf W. Elmen[9] Engenharia Permalloy
1928
 Henry Ford[9] Engenharia Revolutionizing automobile industry, and industrial leadership
1928
 Vladimir Karapetoff[9] Computer and Cognitive Science Kinematic Computing Devices
1928
 Charles L. Lawrance[9] Engenharia Wright Whirlwind Air-Cooled Engine, Model J-5
1929
 James Colquhoun Irvine[9] Biologia Carbohydrate chemistry
1929
 Chevalier Jackson[10] Biologia Instruments for Removal of Foreign Bodies from Respiratory and food Passages
1929
 Elmer Ambrose Sperry[9] Engenharia Navigational and Recording Instruments (Gyroscopic)
1930
 Norman Rothwell Gibson[10] Física Measurement of Liquid Flow in Closed Conduits
1930
 Irving Edwin Moultrop[10] Engenharia High Pressure Steam Boilers in Electric Generating Stations
1931
 Clinton Davisson[10] Física Scattering and diffraction of electrons by crystals
1931
 Lester Halbert Germer[10] Física Scattering and Diffraction of Electrons by Crystals
1931
 Kotaro Honda[10] Engenharia Contributions to magnetism and metallurgy
1931
 Theodore Lyman[10] Física Work in Spectroscopy
1932
 Percy Williams Bridgman[10] Física Work in high pressure
1932
 Charles LeGeyt Fortescue[10] Engenharia Symmetrical Coordinates in Polyphase Networks
1932
 John B. Whitehead[10] (unspecified) Dielectric Behavior
1933
 Walther Bauersfeld[10] Física Optical Planetarium
1933
 Juan de la Cierva[10] Engenharia Autogiro-flying machine with freely rotating wings
1934
 Stuart Ballantine[10] Engenharia Vertical Antenna for Radio Transmission
1934
 Union Switch & Signal[10] Engenharia Continuous Cab Signal and Automatic Train Control Systems
1936
 George Oliver Curme[10] Química Development of synthetic aliphatic chemistry
1936
 Robert J. Van de Graaff[10] Engenharia High Voltage Electrostatic Generator
1937
 Carl David Anderson[10] Química Discovery of the positron
1937
 William Bowie[11] Earth Science Contributions to the Science of Geodesy (Isostasy)
1937
 Jacques Edwin Brandenberger[11] Engenharia Process for Manufacture of Cellophane
1937
 William F. Giauque[10] Física Low temperature research
1937
 Ernest O. Lawrence[11] Engenharia Development of the Cyclotron
1938
 Edwin H. Land[11] Engenharia Polaroid camera
1939
 Charles Vernon Boys[11] Física Creation of new methods for measuring gravitation, sound, heat, radiation and current and static electricity
1939
 George Ashley Campbell[11] Engenharia Theory of electric circuits for improvements in telephony
1939
 John R. Carson[11] Engenharia Contributions to electric communications
1940
 Frederick M. Backet[11] Engenharia Low carbon ferro-alloys and electro-metallurgy
1940
 Robert Runnels Williams[11] Biologia Researches upon Vitamin B1 including its isolation in the pure state in quantities sufficient for further study
1941
 United States Navy[11] Engenharia Submarine rescue devices, U.S. lung and rescue chamber
1942
 Claude Silbert Hudson[11] Biologia Investigation in Carbohydrate chemistry
1942
 Isidor Isaac Rabi[11] Física Measurement of magnetic moments of atomic nuclei, and their radio frequency spectra
1943
 Charles Metcalf Allen[11] Engenharia Salt velocity method for measuring the flow of water in conduits
1944
 Roger Adams[11] Química Contributions in organic chemistry
1945
 Stanford Caldwell Hooper[11] Engenharia Leadership in field of radio for U.S. Navy
1945
 Lewis Ferry Moody[11] Engenharia Hydraulic turbines
1946
 Gladeon M. Barnes[11] Engenharia Contributions to design and development of anti-aircraft guns, tanks, seacoast artillery and welded gun carriages
1948
 Edwin H. Colpitts[11] Engenharia Practical systems of long distance communications
1950
 Basil Ferdinand Jamieson Schonland[12] Física Work in the field of atmospheric electricity and the mechanism of lightning discharge
1952
 Edward Molina[12] Engenharia Contributions to improvement of telephonic communications by applying mathematical probability to the study of telephone traffic and by the invention of switching equipment
1952
 H. Birchard Taylor[12] Engenharia Development of the single runner vertical reaction turbine
1953
 William Blum[12] Física Scientific basis for the electro-deposition of metals
1953
 George Russell Harrison[12] Física Precision measurement in Zeeman effect
1953
 William Frederick Meggers[12] Física Contributions to field of spectroscopy and to the knowledge of the electronic structure of many elements
1955
 F. Philip Bowden[12] Física For extensive investigations involving frictions between solid surfaces
1957
 Willard F. Libby[12] Física Technique of radio carbon dating
1957
 Reginold James Seymour Pigott[12] Engenharia Engineering accomplishments, inventions and leadership
1957
 Robert Alexander Watson-Watt[12] Engenharia Pulsed radar, and development of radar systems
1958
 Joseph C. Patrick[12] Química Discoveries in polysulfide polymers and new processes of combining chemical compounds for the manufacture of synthetic rubber
1958
 Stephen Timoshenko[12] Engenharia Theory of elasticity and elastic stability
1959
 John Hays Hammond[12] Engenharia Developed remote radio control of moving vehicles
1959
 Henry Charles Harrison[12] Engenharia Matched impedance principle in electro-mechanical devices
1959
 Irving Wolff[12] Engenharia Contributions to radio, radar and electronics
1960
 Hugh Latimer Dryden[12] Engenharia Contributions to theory and application of aerodynamics which advanced the art of wind tunnel and aircraft design and for contributions to design and development of first automatic radar homing guided missile
1960
 Arpad Nadai[12] Engenharia Trabalho pioneiro em elasticidade dos materiais
1960
 William Francis Gray Swann[12] Física Significant studies in the field of cosmic radiation
1961
 Donald A. Glaser[13] Física The bubble chamber for tracking and photographing tracks of high energy ionizing particles and the fragments of nuclear collisions
1961
 Rudolf L. Mossbauer[13] Física Discovery of recoilless emission
1961
 Reinhold Rudenberg[13] Engenharia Performance of electric power systems
1961
 James Van Allen[13] Física Pioneering achievements in space science, Van Allen Radiation Belts
1962
 James G. Baker[13] Física Innovations in the design of astronomical instruments and the mathematics of optical design
1962
 Wernher von Braun[13] Engenharia Liquid rocket motors and rocket development
1963
 Nicholas Christofilos[13] Física Contributions to applied electromagnetism and nuclear physics such as conception of strange-focusing principle in synchrotrons, the ARGUS experiment and principles in Astron development
1963
 Grote Reber[13] Física Radio astronomy, early radio telescopes, and the identification of the first radio star
1964
 Waldo L. Semon[13] Engenharia Achievements in natural and synthetic rubber production
1964
 Richard V. Southwell[13] Física Solução de problemas de flambagem em física e engenharia
1964
 Robert Rathbun Wilson[13] Física Contributions to the control and direction of high-energy particle beams and as a designer of instrumentation for measurement of high-energy physical phenomena
1965
 Donald Van Slyke[13] Biologia Clinical chemistry procedures and apparatus
1966
 Everitt P. Blizard[13] Física Development of the theory of radiation shielding
1966
 Herman Francis Mark[13] Química Polymers
1968
 Neil Bartlett[13] Química Fluorine Compounds of Xenon and Radon
1969
 Henry Eyring[13] Química Quantum mechanical calculations of activation energies
1969
 Peter Carl Goldmark[13] Engenharia Contributions in the fields of electronics
1970
 Walter Henry Zinn[13] Engenharia Nuclear power reactors
1971
 Paul John Flory[14] Química Polymer science
1971
 John Hasbrouck Van Vleck[14] Física Theories of magnetism and dielectrics
1972
 Brian D. Josephson[14] Física Josephson effect and theory of matter at low temperatures
1972
 William Powell Lear[14] Engenharia Development of full maneuvering automatic pilot and Lear jet
1973
 Allan R. Sandage[14] Física Astronomy
1973
 John Paul Stapp[14] Biologia Crash Injury Research
1974
 Theodore L. Cairns[14] Química Percyano compounds, synthesis and exploration of chemical and physical properties
1974
 Robert Henry Dicke[14] Física Role in gravitational experiment and theory
1974
 Arie Jan Haagen-Smit[14] Earth Science Plant hormones and air pollution chemistry
1974
 Bruno B. Rossi[14] Física Cosmic rays, gamma-ray astronomy
1975
 Mildred Cohn[14] Biologia Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of enzymatic complexes
1975
 Michael James Lighthill[14] Física Acoustic quadrupole theory of aerodynamic noise generation
1976
 Leon Lederman[14] Física Leadership in forefront of experimentation in study of high energy interactions, nuclear forces and particle physics
1978
 Herbert C. Brown[14] Química Development of methods for synthesis of diborane and alkali metal hydrides
1978
 Frank H. Stillinger[14] Química Computer-generated model for water molecules
1979
 Steven Weinberg[14] Física Unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions
1980
 Riccardo Giacconi[14] Física Outstanding work in X-ray astronomy
1981
 Marion King Hubbert[14] Earth Science Application of quantitative methods to geological problems
1982
 Harold P. Eubank[15] Física Plasma physics
1982
 Edgar Bright Wilson, Jr.[15] Física Contributions to the understanding of molecular structure and dynamics
1984
 Elizabeth Neufeld[15] Biologia For investigation of genetics of mucopolysaccharide storage disease
1985
 Robert N. Clayton[15] Engenharia For the application of mass spectroscopy to geoscience research
1985
 Andrei Sakharov[15] Física For contributions to controlled thermonuclear reactions, baryon synthesis and proton decay, induced gravity and the quark model
1986
 Leo P. Kadanoff[15] Física For contributions to the current understanding of second order phase transition
1987
 Gerd Binnig[15] Física For development of the scanning tunneling microscope
1987
 Heinrich Rohrer[15] Física For the development of scanning tunneling microscope
1988
 Harry George Drickamer[15] Engenharia For clarification of the role of pressure in producing paramagnetic-ferromagnetic and conductor-insulator transitions
1989
 Edward Lorenz[15] Física For interpretation of dynamical chaos in physical systems
1990
 Marlan Scully[15] Física For his discoveries in laser physics and quantum optics, atomic and statistical physics, and biological engineering
1991
 Yakir Aharonov[15] Física For observations of electromagnetic potentials and insights into quantum mechanics
1991
 David Bohm[15] Física For elevated electromagnetic potentials to status of physical observables
1992
 Tsui Lap-Chee[15] Biologia For the discovery of the cystic fibrosis gene
1994
 Marvin Harry Caruthers[15] Biologia For his contributions in automating the synthesis of DNA oligonucleotides
1995
 Alfred Yi Cho[15] Física For development and refinement of techniques of molecular beam epitaxy for use in quantum physics
1997
 Irwin Fridovich[15] Biologia For discovering the biology of free radical reactions in living organisms
1997
 Joe Milton McCord[15] Biologia For discovering the biology of free radical reactions in living organisms

Referências

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 «Laureates» (pdf) (em inglês). The Franklin Institute. Consultado em 1 de julho de 2015. Cópia arquivada em 1 de julho de 2015

Bibliografia

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