Migrações indo-europeias

Migrações Indo-Europeias foram as migrações dos povos pastoris que falavam a língua protoindo-europeia. Relacionados aos Yamnaya e outros povos, partiram da estepe pôntica, no leste europeu, por volta dos anos 4000 a.C. Seus descendentes espalharam-se por toda Europa e partes da Ásia, formando novas culturas com as comunidades locais, incluindo a cultura da cerâmica cordada no norte da Europa e a cultura védica no subcontinente indiano. Essas migrações, em última instância, semearam as culturas e língua de grande parte da Europa, do Irã, e do subcontinente Indiano. Posteriormente, resultou na maior e mais fala família linguística no mundo.

O conhecimento moderno destas migrações é baseado em dados de diversas ciências, como linguística, arqueologia, antropologia e genética. A linguística descreve as similaridades entre diversas línguas e as leis da linguísticas presentes nas alterações dessas línguas. A arqueologia descreve a migração da cultura protoindo-europeia e sua língua em variados estágios: da região originário do protoindo-europeu a Europa Ocidental, Central e Meridional e, especialmente, à Asia Oriental por migrações e mudanças linguísticas decorrentes de recrutamento de elite, como descrevem algumas pesquisas.^[2]^[3] Pesquisas genéticas recentes, por sua vez, possuem uma crescente contribuição ao entendimento das relações históricas entre diferentes culturas.

As línguas e culturas indo-europeias espalharam-se durante vários períodos. Migrações iniciais de 4200-3000 a.C. trouxeram o protoindo-europeu arcaico para o vale do Rio Danúbio,^[4] Anatólia e a região do Altai.^[5]

O protocéltico e o protoitálico provavelmente desenvolveram-se e espalharam-se a partir da Europa Central para a Europa Ocidental após novas migrações Yamnaya para o vale do Rio Danúbio, ^[6]^[7]enquanto o protogermânico e o protobalto-eslávico podem ter se desenvolvido a leste dos Cárpatos, na atual Ucrânia, migrando em direção a norte e espalhando-se com a cultura da cerâmica cordada na Europa Central, por voltado de 2000 a.C.^[8]^[9] Alternativamente, um ramo europeu dos dialetos indo-europeus, denominado "indo-europeu noroeste" e associado à cultura beaker, podem possuir ancestrais não somente célticos e itálicos, mas também germânicos e balto-eslávicos.

As culturas e línguas indo-iranianas emergiram a partir da Cultura de Sintashta (2100-1800 a.C.), na fronteira leste da cultura Yamnaya e da cultura da cerâmica cordada, crescendo para a cultura Andronova (1800-800 a.C.). Indo-arianos migraram para o Complexo Arqueológico Báctria-Margiana (2300-1700 a.C.) e migraram para o Levante (Mitani), Índia do Norte (povo Vedic, 1500 a.C.) e China (Usun).^[3] As línguas iranianas espalharam-se pelas estepes com os citas e para o Irã com os medos, partas e persas a partir de 800 a.C.^[3]

Referências

↑ Beckwith 2009, p. 30.
↑ Anthony 2007.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Beckwith 2009.
↑ Anthony 2007, p. 133.
↑ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 4.
↑ Mallory 1999, pp. 108 f..
↑ Anthony 2007, pp. 345, 361–367.
↑ Mallory 1999, pp. 108, 244–250.
↑ Anthony 2007, p. 360.

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[FOOTNOTEBeckwith200930-1] Beckwith 2009, p. 30.

[FOOTNOTEAnthony2007-2] Anthony 2007.

[FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009-3] Beckwith 2009.

[FOOTNOTEAnthony2007133-4] Anthony 2007, p. 133.

[FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams19974-5] Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEMallory1999108_f.-6] Mallory 1999, pp. 108 f..

[FOOTNOTEAnthony2007345,_361–367-7] Anthony 2007, pp. 345, 361–367.

[FOOTNOTEMallory1999108,_244–250-8] Mallory 1999, pp. 108, 244–250.

[FOOTNOTEAnthony2007360-9] Anthony 2007, p. 360.

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